Many experts, both inside and outside government, are beginning to agree on the necessary features of a modern, effective intelligence organization. Unfortunately, practice is lagging theory. Despite the apparent consensus on the need for change, recent intelligence failures suggest that U.S. intelligence has yet to leave its Cold War-era methods and structure behind. All of this raises the questions of why it has been so hard to modernize American intelligence and what practical steps could ensure that needed reforms finally take hold.

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