A nation must think before it acts.
Ira M. Lapidus is professor emeritus of history at the University of California at Berkeley. He has served as chairman of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies and is a past president of the Middle East Studies Association. His works include A History of Islamic Societies (Cambridge University Press, 1988), Contemporary Islamic Movements in Historical Perspective (Institute of International Studies, University of California at Berkeley, 1983), and Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages (Harvard University Press, 1967).