In the aftermath of India’s May 1998 nuclear tests, two major policy challenges confront the U.S. government and the global nonproliferation community. The first is simply how to deal with a de facto nuclear weapon state unfettered by regional arms-control arrangements or the Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). The second is to search for ways to promote stability and thereby reduce nuclear risks in South Asia, one of the most volatile regions of the world.

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